Dam automatic monitoring is a technical system that uses sensing devices and remote data systems deployed on the dam body, dam foundation, and surrounding areas to continuously monitor the structural state, seepage conditions, and operational safety of the dam under the effects of water pressure, geological movement, and natural environment. This system helps warn against risks such as dam deformation and seepage, thereby ensuring the safe operation of reservoir functions including flood control, power generation, and water supply. Its core lies in capturing the dynamic interaction among the "dam body-water body-geology" and building a safety monitoring network covering the entire scope of the dam body.
Dam automatic monitoring must focus on the core objectives of "structural stability - seepage safety - operational reliability", with specific monitoring factors divided into three major categories:
Dam Structure Monitoring
It reflects the mechanical and deformation status of the dam's main structure and serves as a key indicator for judging dam safety:
1、Deformation monitoring: Includes dam settlement (at different elevations of the dam crest and dam slope), horizontal displacement (horizontal dislocation of the dam crest, displacement of the dam body in the upstream-downstream direction), dam inclination (verticality deviation along the dam axis direction), and opening degree of dam joints (transverse and longitudinal joints of concrete dams), etc.
2、Stress and strain monitoring: Includes concrete stress of the dam body (stress-concentrated areas such as the dam heel and dam toe of gravity dams), strain of the dam body (dam crown and dam abutment of arch dams), stress of the dam foundation rock mass, and stress of the cut-off wall, etc.
3、Structural integrity monitoring: Includes dam cracks (width, depth, and development of surface cracks in concrete dams), water stop failure of dam expansion joints, and structural vibration of the dam body (under strong earthquake effects), etc.
Seepage and Hydrological Monitoring
It targets the seepage state of the dam and dam foundation as well as reservoir hydrological parameters:
1、Seepage monitoring: Includes seepage flow of the dam body (dam drainage holes), seepage flow of the dam foundation (dam foundation drainage system), seepage water level (phreatic line of the dam body), seepage pressure (uplift pressure of the dam foundation), and bypass seepage (seepage at the dam abutment), etc.
2、Hydrological monitoring: Includes reservoir water level (changes in water level within the reservoir), downstream water level (water level of the downstream river channel during flood discharge), inflow discharge, outflow discharge, and water temperature (affecting the thermal stress of the dam body), etc.
Environmental and Load Monitoring
It covers external environmental factors and operational loads that affect the structural safety of the dam:
1、Environmental factors: Includes air temperature (temperature changes of the dam body), rainfall (stability of slopes around the reservoir area), earthquakes (seismic ground acceleration), and wind waves (impact of waves in front of the dam on the dam body), etc.
2、Operational loads: Includes water pressure (hydrostatic pressure and hydrodynamic pressure borne by the dam body), sediment pressure (additional load on the dam body caused by sedimentation in front of the dam), and ice pressure (thrust on the dam body from ice layers on the dam surface in cold regions), etc.
Deflection monitoring, crack monitoring, environmental monitoring, deep displacement monitoring, surface displacement, settlement monitoring, etc.
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